Res Communis

Pacific Rim National Space Law Summit: United States / 环太平洋国家空间法会议: 美国

by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty

Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz, National Center for Remote Sensing, Air, and Space Law, University 0f Mississippi School of Law, U.S. gave the next presentation titled Current Status and Recent Developments in United States’ National Space Law and Policy and Its Relevance to Pacific Rim Space Law and Activities.

Prof. Gabrynowicz started with a discussion of telecommunications law in the United States. She said that the law began from early terrestrial applications with the 1927 Radio Act and the Communications Act of 1934, which was revised by the Telecommunications Act of 1996. However, according to Gabrynowicz, telecommunications law in the United States is often viewed as a separate, if related, body of law from that of space law per se, and therefore she did not address telecommunications law in her presentation.

She then engaged in a discussion of four developmental eras of U.S. space law. Her main point was, in the U.S., space law followed technological development. First, there was infrastructure development starting in 1958 with the National Aeronautics and Space Act (Act), which is the Act that created NASA and established the U.S. civil space program. The purpose and policy of the Act declares that U.S. space activities should be for peaceful purposes and creates a civil-military separation for space programs. Second, space commerce was addressed in space law in the 1980s. The law during this period added the commercial sector to the military and civil sectors. Third, she stated that maturing space applications catalyzed U.S. national space law in the 1980s and the 1990s. Space transportation was addressed through the 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act and the 1988 and 2004 Amendments, and remote sensing applications were addressed by the 1984 Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act and the 1992 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act. Finally the 2000s have been defined by regulatory refinement. This regulatory refinement can be found in the public – private spectrum for data access policy, the area of commercial human space flight and how the law has been developed for suborbital flights, and the International Space Station Code of Conduct.

Gabrynowicz then turned to the relevance of United States activities to the Pacific Rim. She stated that spaceports have catalyzed the integration of numerous bodies of law. For instance Alaska, California, and Hawaii are all pursuing spaceports which calls on the integration of federal, state, and municipal laws to be integrated so as to have a fluid working regime. She also discussed Sea Launch and how it required the integration of international and national regimes. Finally, she stated that in the context of export control systems such as the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) cause cooperation problems, and Pacific Rim activities should be an invitation for reform of export control policies.

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Chinese translation by Ryan Grimm, J.D. Candidate, Tulane University:
环太平洋国家空间法会议: 美国

大会第二天的第五位发言者是密西西比大学法学院，国家遥感、航空与空间法研究所所长乔安娜•戈伯林纳维兹(Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz)教授。她所演讲的题目为“美国空间法的现状与最新发展及其与环太平洋空间法律和活动的相关性”。

戈伯林纳维兹教授首先介绍的是美国的电讯法。综其所述，该法是由1927年的《无线法》与1934年的《通信法》发展而来的，并在 1996年的《电讯法》的基础上进行了修改。不过，据戈伯林纳维兹教授的介绍，美国电讯法与空间法一般被认证为分属不同的法律领域，所以她在其演讲中并未多提电讯法。

之后，戈伯林纳维兹教授就美国发展空间法史中的四个阶段进行了详尽的介绍：第一阶段是根据1958年的《国家航空航天》所创立的美国民事空间项目及其基础设施，该法强调空间的和平利用，同时空间项目分为民事与军事两大部分。第二阶段是上个世纪80年代，针对商业活动的空间法所进行的弥补充实，即把商业的利益写进已有的民事利益空间法与军事利益的空间法。第三阶段是为上个世纪80年代与90年代的空间法增添了有关空间应用的内容，即1984的《商业空间发射》及1988年与2004年在此基础上修订的针对空间运输的法律条文，而1984年的《地面遥感商业化法》与1992年的《地面遥感政策法》又都是针对着遥感的应用的法律规则。第四阶段是趋向精细化规范的21世纪，如公私数据使用权范围政策、商业载人航天飞行及针对亚轨迹飞行的法律发展，国际空间站行为准则等，都体现了此时的精细化规范的趋势。

随后戈伯林纳维兹教授把话题转到美国空间活动与环太平洋的相关性上。她说空间站推动了各类法律法规的整合。她以美国的阿拉斯加州，加州与夏威夷都希望建立空间站一事为例，为达成这一愿望，联邦政府，州级政府与市级政府须将各类不同层面的法律法规的整合成一套可以为达成这一愿望服务的能够顺利运转的法律制度。此后，她的话题涉及到海上发射，及其如何要求国际法与国内法的整合。最后戈伯林纳维兹教授说针对出口管制制度——尤其是导弹技术控制制度(MTCR)与国际武器贸易条例(ITAR)所带来的合作问题，环太平洋的空间活动与合作可能会提供改革出口管制政策的机会。